The passing of Pope Francis has ushered in a solemn period of reflection and anticipation within the Catholic Church, as the College of Cardinals prepares to select a new spiritual leader for its 1.4 billion adherents.
The centuries-old tradition of the papal conclave, set to begin in early May 2025, will unfold behind the frescoed walls of the Sistine Chapel, where 138 cardinal electors under the age of 80 will cast their votes in strict secrecy. Isolated from external influences, they will deliberate until one candidate secures a two-thirds majority—a process expected to last between 15 and 20 days. This ritual, steeped in solemnity and symbolism, is believed by the faithful to be guided by the Holy Spirit, ensuring the selection of a worthy successor to St. Peter.
The composition of the College of Cardinals has shifted markedly under Pope Francis, with appointments reflecting a more extensive geographic and cultural diversity. This evolution has complicated traditional alliances, making the outcome of the 2025 conclave particularly unpredictable.
Leading Contenders
Cardinal Pietro Parolin (Italy, Age 70)
Currently the Vatican’s Secretary of State, Parolin is considered a leading contender due to his diplomatic experience and central role in Church governance. He has been instrumental in negotiating sensitive agreements, such as the Vatican’s arrangement with China on bishop appointments, and has played a part in improving relations with countries like Vietnam. Parolin is often described as a bridge-builder, capable of appealing to both progressive and conservative factions, though his lack of direct pastoral experience and involvement in past Vatican financial scandals may affect his candidacy.
Cardinal Luis Antonio Tagle (Philippines, Age 67)
Tagle, currently Pro-Prefect for Evangelisation, is one of the most prominent Asian figures in the Church and would be the first Filipino pope if elected. Known for his pastoral sensitivity and advocacy for social justice, Tagle is often compared to the deceased pope and dubbed the “Asian Francis.” His leadership in the global south and his progressive stance on issues such as poverty and inclusion make him a favourite among those wishing to continue Francis’ legacy.
Cardinal Matteo Maria Zuppi (Italy, Age 69)
Zuppi, Archbishop of Bologna, is closely associated with the Sant’Egidio Community, renowned for its humanitarian initiatives and peace-building efforts. He has championed outreach to the poor and migrants, echoing Francis’s priorities. Zuppi’s openness to LGBTQ+ Catholics and his diplomatic missions, including recent work on Ukraine, have raised his international profile.
Cardinal Peter Erdo (Hungary, Age 72)
As Archbishop of Esztergom-Budapest, Erdo is recognised for his conservative theological positions, particularly on marriage and family life. However, he is also respected for his pragmatism and ability to work across ideological divides. Erdo has played key roles in synodal processes and is seen as someone who could appeal to those seeking a more traditional direction for the Church.
Cardinal Marc Ouellet (Canada, Age 80)
Ouellet, who recently led the Vatican’s bishops’ office, is a respected theologian with deep ties to the Latin-American Church. He has defended traditional Church teachings, including clerical celibacy, but has also supported greater female participation in Church governance. Ouellet’s experience and connections could make him a compromise candidate, though his age may be a limiting factor.
Cardinal Peter Turkson (Ghana, Age 76)
A veteran of Vatican diplomacy and social justice advocacy, Turkson previously served as Prefect of the Dicastery for Promoting Integral Human Development. His alignment with Pope Francis’ focus on environmental stewardship and economic equality has bolstered his profile, though theological conservatism on issues like contraception remains a hallmark of his tenure.
Cardinal Robert Sarah (Guinea, Age 79)
A former close ally of Pope Benedict XVI, Sarah has opposed progressive reforms on marriage and liturgy while advocating for stronger ties with Muslim communities. His 2025 departure from the electoral college due to age—though still eligible for the imminent conclave—underscores the narrowing window for his candidacy. Sarah’s critique of Western interventions in Muslim-majority nations and his insistence on preserving Latin Mass traditions retain influence among traditionalist cardinals.
As the cardinals prepare to enter the conclave, the world awaits whether the Church will continue on a path of reform or return to more traditional roots. The outcome will shape not only the future of Catholicism but also its role in addressing global challenges.